Computer Science Education

The site includes material on the Windows operating system for both novices and more advanced PC users. There are interactive tutorials for beginners on very basic subjects and numerous articles at a variety of levels. Topics include system configuration and tweaks, file management, computer maintenance, security and fundamentals of using PCs. There is a separate section covering the Internet. There are also a number of PowerPoint™ presentations that are available for downloading. All material is copyrighted. Reproduction on another site is prohibited without permission of the author.

This separate site covers what the average PC user needs to know about the new operating system. System requirements, what's new, and tips for its use are among the topics.
The Windows Registry is not as mysterious as it's made out to be. This site explains what everyone should know about the Registry and how even home PC users can make changes in the Registry.
How secure are our computers? We are continually bombarded with warnings about new viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Every few days another security patch for Windows seems to be necessary. To add to our problems, various new ways of invading our privacy or ripping us off are constantly springing up. Spyware and adware are being planted on us, crackers are breaking into our machines, email is full of spam and phishing scams. We seem to be under constant assault.

Short of never going online, what can the average PC user do for protection? Dire as it sometimes seems, the situation is by no means hopeless. This site is dedicated to helping the average PC user make full and safe use of the Internet. Here is a collection of pages outlining defenses against the various threats and annoyances and the steps that can be taken to ensure that we continue to enjoy the Internet.

Economics education demand

The dominant model of the demand for education is based on human capital theory. The central idea is that undertaking education is investment in the acquisition of skills and knowledge which will increase earnings, or provide longterm benefits such as an appreciation of literature (sometimes referred to as cultural capital). Studies from 1958 attempted to calculate the returns from additional schooling. Later results attempted to allow for different returns across persons or by level of education.

Statistics have shown that countries with high enrollment/graduation rates have grown faster than countries without. The United States has been the world leader in educational advances, beginning with the high school movement (1910-1950).

An alternative model of the demand for education, commonly referred to as screening is based on the economic theory of signalling. The central idea is that the successful completion of education is a signal of ability

Finance and Expenditures in Education

To ensure macro-economic stability, as well as to promote equitable economic growth, countries need to maintain public spending at a level consistent with their long-run financing ability while, at the same time, establishing transparent budget mechanisms that allocate and manage public resources equitably and reduce poverty. However, in the real world, public resource allocation decisions do not always reflect sound economic policies.

The World Bank, with its lending programs in numerous client countries, must ensure that borrowed World Bank funds reach the intended beneficiaries. World Bank Education Economists collaborate with experts from Country units and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management units to undertake economic and sector work (such as economic memorandums, poverty assessments and public expenditure reviews) as well as reports on specific issues in education to help with informed policy making in the sector.

Education policy research pays considerable attention to the productivity and efficiency of the education sector, in particular of government expenditure in the sector. Determining how governments and families can best finance and allocate scarce resources to produce quality education and the skills that individuals need for success, is an integral task of the education economists. The Education Sector Strategy Update (ESSU) also calls for integrating education into a country-wide perspective focusing on how education ties into the macro-economic context. It particularly emphasizes the need for close attention to fiscal policies and decentralization policies affecting school management and finance.

In this regard the education sector specifically seeks to answer the following questions in a country's public expenditute analysis:

How much is spent on education and what is the share of the government's expenditure?
How do governments finance the education sector and what do they finance?
Is there equitable distribution of the public resources?
Is the public getting its money's worth?
Is the spending adequate and sustainable?

Economic Analysis of Education Interventions

The economic analysis of a project helps select and design projects that contribute to the welfare of a country. Various tools of economic analysis help determine the economic and fiscal impact of the project, including the impact on society and the major stakeholders involved, as well as the project’s risks and sustainability. A good economic analysis answers the following questions:

What is the objective of the project?
This helps identify tools for the analysis. A clearly defined objective also helps in identifying the possible alternatives to the project.

What will be the impact of the project?
This question concerns a counterfactual as the difference between the situation with or without the project is crucial for assessing the incremental costs and benefits of the project.

Are there any alternatives to the project? If so how would costs and benefits of the alternatives to achieve the same goal compare to the project in question?

Is there economic justification of each separable component of the project?

Who gains and who loses if the project is implemented?
The analysis has to make sure that the most benefit accrues to the poor.

What is the fiscal impact of the project?

Is the project financially sustainable and what are the risks involved?

Are there any other externalities? What is the environmental impact of the project?

Economics of Education

Education economists analyze both what determines or creates education and what impact education has on individuals and the societies and economies in which they live. Historically at the World Bank a great deal of emphasis has been placed on determining outcomes to educational investment and the creation of human capital. The primary mission of the economics of education group is to identify opportunities for improved efficiency, equity, and quality of education and promote effective education reform processes; to help improve, among both World Bank staff and clients, knowledge of what drives education outcomes and results; to better understanding how to strengthen the links of education systems with the labor market; and to build and support a network of education economists and build bridges to all those who are interested in their work.

The World Bank addresses key themes of Economics of Education through work in these five topic areas:

Finance and Banking Education

Those who are entering into various fields of business will be wise to seek good Finance and Banking education. Courses in the field can encompass a broad variety of topics relevant to the financial industry. You can get good training in finance and banking right at your local school!

In general, vocational schools will offer education leading to a certificate of completion, or a two-year Associate of Science (AS) degree. Vocational courses in finance and banking can include topics such as Accounting, Bank Operations, Banking Law, Basic Economics, Business, Business Math, Computer Technology, Communications, Human Relations, Management, and Sales.

Finance and Banking schools may also provide specialized classes in Bank Management, Investment Banking, Public Relations, Marketing, Business Finance, Commercial Lending, Consumer Law and Lending Practices, Home Mortgages, and Real Estate and Real Property. An AS degree would be a good first step, and would qualify the student to enroll in a Bachelor degree program, and then a Master degree program, if desired.

Those who possess Associate or Bachelor degrees in Finance and Banking may acquire gainful employment as account clerks, bank tellers, budget analysts, and customer service representatives. Other career opportunities would include financial managers, insurance sales agents and underwriters, loan and credit clerks, loan officers and counselors, and real estate brokers and/or sales agents. Earning potential for those with graduate degrees, including Master Degrees in Finance and Banking, can climb as high as $100k or more per year.

The Girls' and Women's Education Policy Research Activity (GWE-PRA)

The Girls' and Women's Education Policy Research Activity (GWE-PRA), implemented by World Education in cooperation with the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Education Development Center, was initiated to provide a better understanding of the constraints facing girls' and women's education and to identify creative approaches for addressing them. Longitudinal studies were carried out in Bolivia, Honduras, and Nepal to measure the developmental impact of integrated literacy and basic education programs that combine literacy with health and other areas. More specifically, these studies examined changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices of women on indicators of social and economic development related to economic participation, health, nutrition, community involvement and civic participation. Additionally, in Bolivia, World Education provided technical assistance to four local NGOs in developing, implementing and monitoring an integrated approach to adult education. In Peru, World Education and a local women's organization conducted a six-month study that examined factors affecting the school dropout rate of adolescent girls in rural areas, focusing specifically on the effects of menarche on girls' participation in school. The findings of these studies are providing decisionmakers with information to make more informed decisions about educational programs and policies and to increase educational opportunities for girls. (2001)

Girls and Women’s Education

The Africa Education Initiative - AMBASSADORS GIRLS SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM (AEI-AGSP) Girls' Mentoring Resource Guide was originally conceived to provide activities, information, and ideas to those men and women who provide mentoring to the girls in the program. The Resource Guide targets scholarship recipients from ages 10 and older. It was designed to offer these girls the skills, knowledge, and ability to navigate everyday life and to prepare for a healthy adulthood. In 2007, however, USAID announced the expansion of the program to reach vulnerable boys with scholarships and mentoring. Much of the content in these lessons is equally applicable to boys. For example, boys have just as great a need as girls to understand human reproductive systems, career questions, or how to resist peer pressure. The sessions on topics such as gender and the importance of girls' education can also help boys by enabling them to play a more positive and supportive role in their families and communities. New supplementary materials are being developed that provide suggestions for adapting these materials for boys. New modules will address some topics not covered in the Resource Guide or expand on certain key issues included here. Although the activities in the present Resource Guide are certainly adaptable for boys or mixed groups, the original language that refers to participants as girls has been preserved. Finally, while this book is aimed at mentors, it is also a useful tool for those in organizations who are seeking to train mentors or other youth leaders. (2009)

World Education

Founded in 1951 to meet the needs of the educationally disadvantaged, World Education provides training and technical assistance in nonformal education across a wide array of sectors. Registered as a private voluntary organization, World Education has worked in over 50 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as well as in the United States.

World Education contributes to individual growth, strengthens the capacity of local partner institutions, catalyzes community and national development. World Education's approach is characterized by a commitment to meaningful and equal partnership that is flexible and evolves over time, and is based on mutual interest and trust. In its role as catalyst, World Education strives to develop assets such as good health, literacy, numeracy, business and civic participation skills, and access to credit. World Education promotes local autonomy by partnering with stakeholders to plan and implement their programs for social and economic change, appropriate to the local context and the needs of grassroots constituents.

NASA’ education

NASA’s journeys into air and space have deepened humankind’s understanding of the universe, advanced technology breakthroughs, enhanced air travel safety and security, and expanded the frontiers of scientific research. These accomplishments share a common genesis: education. As the United States begins the second century of flight, the Nation must maintain its commitment to excellence in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education to ensure that the next generation of Americans can accept the full measure of their roles and responsibilities in shaping the future. NASA will continue the Agency’s tradition of investing in the Nation’s education programs and supporting the country’s educators who play a key role in preparing, inspiring, exciting, encouraging, and nurturing the young minds of today who will be the workforce of tomorrow.

In 2006 and beyond, NASA will continue to pursue three major education goals:
-- Strengthening NASA and the Nation's future workforce
-- Attracting and retaining students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics, or STEM, disciplines
-- Engaging Americans in NASA's mission

Education and the World Bank

Education is central to development and a key to attaining the Millennium Development Goals. It is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality and lays a foundation for sustained economic growth. The World Bank's strategic thrust is to help countries integrate education into national economic strategies and develop holistic education systems responsive to national socio economic needs. The World Bank is committed to help countries achieve Education For All (EFA) and, through Education for the Knowledge Economy (EKE), build dynamic knowledge societies

England bank education

The Bank offers a range of resources and services to build awareness and understanding of its role and functions, and of central banking more generally. For the public, there is a large range of material on why inflation matters, Museum presentations and displays for all ages and a public enquiry service.

For young people, there is material on money, prices and the economy, including an annual competition for secondary school students. For other central bankers, the Bank's Centre for Central Banking Studies conducts seminars and provides expert advice to monetary institutions throughout the world.

Highlights...

Education in England

Education in England is overseen by the Department for Children, Schools and Families and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. At a local level the local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for public education and state schools.

Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16 (inclusive). Students may then continue their secondary studies for a further two years (sixth form), leading most typically to an A level qualification, although other qualifications and courses exist, including GNVQ and the International Baccalaureate. The leaving age for compulsory education was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008. The change will take effect in 2013 for 17 year olds and 2015 for 18 year olds.[8] State-provided schools are free of charge to students, and there is also a tradition of independent schooling, but parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means.

Higher education typically begins with a 3-year Bachelor's Degree. Postgraduate degrees include Master's Degrees, either taught or by research, and Doctor of Philosophy, a research degree that usually takes at least 3 years. Universities require a Royal Charter in order to issue degrees, and all but one are financed by the state with a low level of fees for students.

Diploma universitario (university diploma),

The studies at specialized schools take 2 to 5 years, depending on the field of specialization. A duration of research activity is included.

The preferred subjects are Agriculture, Architecture, Economics, Pharmacy, Law, Engineering, Humanities, Modern Languages and Education, Biomedicine, Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Natural Sciences, Physics and Mathematics and Political Science.

Hence the scope and depth of education in Italy is pretty commendable.

itlay Students

Students are rarely allowed to change their minds. Once passed they are awarded the Diploma di Maturità Diploma di Esame di Stato conclusivo del Corso di Liceo Classico/Liceo Scientifico (since 1999).

Apart from these schools there are two types of schools the Technical Secondary and the Specialized Secondary which provide the Maturità Tecnica/Diploma di Esame di Stato conclusivo del Corso di/pe r (name of technical option in the Istituto Tecnico concerned (since 1999) and the Maturità Artistica, Maturità Magistrale Diploma di Esame di Stato conclusivo del Corso di/per. ..(name of the option within the Istituto Secondario concerned)(since 1999) respectively.

The vocational training is rendered by Istituto Professionale for three years at the end of which pupils following such courses in the system of education in Italy are awarded the Diploma di Qualifica. Similar level professional training is of five years in Istituto Professionale which earns Diploma di Maturità Professionale di/per.../Diploma di Esame di Stato conclusivo dei Corsi di Istruzione Professionale di/per. ..(name of the option within the Istituto Professionale concerned). All the above courses charge students for tuition fees.

Italy Education in Higher Secondary Schools

Students must pass an exam to move up to scuola secondaria superiore or liceo , higher secondary school. Higher secondary school is of five years till the student is eighteen or nineteen years old. These are voluntary schools. Students must select an option about their education at an early age of the higher secondary school they will attend. Each higher secondary school is specialized by subject matter such as:

Italy Education in Lower Secondary Schools

The lower secondary schools, Scuola Media Inferiore , starting at the age of eleven go on for 3 years. The students of such education in Italy receive the Diploma di Licenza della Scuola Media at the age of 14 years. Although at this stage schooling is free, the books have to be bought by the students.

Italy Education

Italy Education is compulsory at the primary level which starts at the age of six.
However it can be preceded by 3years of preschool nursery training which is however optional. This type of education in Italy is provided by the Scuola Elementare . It is a 5 year program followed between the ages of six to eleven and the schooling and textbooks in the public schools are free. The students following such education in Italy are awarded the Diploma di Licenza della Scuola Elementare

For Parents of International Students

s your child interested in attending a USA university, USA college, or school? This section is designed exclusively for parents of children obtaining a USA education. It addresses many of the questions and concerns that parents have when sending their children to study in the USA at USA universities, USA colleges, boys and girls boarding school, etc. Highly recommended reading for parents with children who want to study in the US.

Life in the USA

Provides a look into life and culture for those wanting to study in USA universities, USA colleges and USA schools. What is really it like to study in the US? Learn about starting your USA education on the right foot. Includes

international student health insurance, USA money and banking information, international student housing, dormitories at USA universities and colleges, the student culture at schools, colleges and universities in the USA, USA regions, transportation, international student life, etc. Be prepared for your USA study experience at colleges, schools and universities in the USA.

USA Immigration

How does one get an international student visa to study in the US? Get information on immigration issues confronting each international student wanting to study in the US. Does the USA still welcome international students wanting to study in the USA? Which USA universities, USA colleges and USA schools are authorized to enroll international students? Includes international student visa application info, passports, USA embassy information, USA visa regulations, US green card lottery application, and even the new SEVIS immigration rules. Obtain USA immigration forms and read about some of the recent USA immigration changes that will affect your study in the USA.

International Student Admissions

How should I apply to study in the USA? A look at how the USA admissions process works. What do US universities, US colleges, boarding, ESL and other USA schools look for in international student applications? Plan your application in advance using our calendar. This section includes advice on choosing your major, selecting the right US Universities, US colleges or USA schools, US college entrance exams such as SAT, GRE and TOEFL, English as a second language (ESL) schools, college admission essay help, and other essential reading for students wanting to study in the USA.

Financing Your USA Education

Can international students work while enrolled in USA universities, colleges or schools? This section offers advice and information on paying for your education in the USA. Includes information on the cost of study in the USA and attending USA universities, USA colleges and other types of USA schools. Financial aid for US study, international student loans, grants and international student scholarships

USA Education System

Want to study in the US but confused about the American education system? This section includes international student info on USA universities, USA colleges, ESL schools, USA high schools, vocational schools, boarding schools, etc. Get info about the USA education system and how it works. What is the difference between a bachelors degree and associate degree? What are the differences between universities in the USA, USA colleges, and USA community colleges? Detailed information on associate degree, bachelor degree, masters degree, and PhD degree programs, academic credits, elective course options, types of USA schools, types of USA universities, what a liberal arts college is, and general USA education and graduation requirements for the international student.

Why Study in the USA?

Why do so many international students choose to study in the USA? This section explains what the USA education system has to offer each international student and why you should study in the US. Discussed are common misconceptions about USA study. Why are there so many top schools, colleges and universities in the USA education system? There even is a list of some famous international students who obtained a USA education at one of the many top USA universities, USA colleges and USA schools. A must read for those considering US study.